Json Schema简介和Json Schema的高性能.net实现库 LateApexEarlySpeed.Json.Schema

什么是Json Schema ？

Json schema是一种声明式语言，它可以用来标识Json的结构，数据类型和数据的具体限制，它提供了描述期望Json结构的标准化方法。
利用Json Schema, 你可以定义Json结构的各种规则，以便确定Json数据在各个子系统中交互传输时保持兼容和一致的格式。

一般来说，系统可以自己实现逻辑来判断当前json是否满足接口要求，比如是否某个字段存在，是否属性值是有效的。但当验证需求变得复杂后，比如有大量嵌套json结构，属性之间的复杂关联限制等等，则容易编写出考虑不全的验证代码。另外，当系统需要动态的json数据要求，比如先由用户自己决定他需要的json结构，然后系统根据用户表达的定制化json结构需求，帮助用户验证后续的json数据。这种系统代码编译时无法确定的json结构，就需要另一种解决方案。

Json Schema就是针对这种问题的比较自然的解决方案。它可以让你或你的用户描述希望的json结构和值的内容限制，有效属性，是否是required, 还有有效值的定义，等等。。利用Json Schema, 人们可以更好的理解Json结构，而且程序也可以根据你的Json Schema验证Json数据。
Json Schema语法的学习见官方介绍。

比如下面的一个简单例子，用.net下的Json Schema实现库library LateApexEarlySpeed.Json.Schema进行Json数据的验证：

Json Schema （文件：schema.json）：

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "propBoolean": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "propArray": {
      "type": "array",
      "uniqueItems": true
    }
  }
}复制

Json 数据 （文件：instance.json）：

{
  "propBoolean": true,
  "propArray": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 4 ]
}复制

C# 代码：

            string jsonSchema = File.ReadAllText("schema.json");
            string instance = File.ReadAllText("instance.json");
 
            var jsonValidator = new JsonValidator(jsonSchema);
            ValidationResult validationResult = jsonValidator.Validate(instance);
 
            if (validationResult.IsValid)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("good");
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"Failed keyword: {validationResult.Keyword}");
                Console.WriteLine($"ResultCode: {validationResult.ResultCode}");
                Console.WriteLine($"Error message: {validationResult.ErrorMessage}");
                Console.WriteLine($"Failed instance location: {validationResult.InstanceLocation}");
                Console.WriteLine($"Failed relative keyword location: {validationResult.RelativeKeywordLocation}");
            }复制

输出：

Failed keyword: uniqueItems
ResultCode: DuplicatedArrayItems
Error message: There are duplicated array items
Failed instance location: /propArray
Failed relative keyword location: /properties/propArray/uniqueItems复制

LateApexEarlySpeed.Json.Schema中文介绍

项目原始文档：https://github.com/lateapexearlyspeed/Lateapexearlyspeed.JsonSchema

中文文档：
LateApexEarlySpeed.Json.Schema是2023年12月发布的一个新的.net下的Json Schema实现库library，基于截止到2023年12月为止最新版的Json schema - draft 2020.12。
Json Schema验证功能经过了official json schema test-suite for draft 2020.12的测试。（部分排除的用例见下面的已知限制章节）

主要特点：

• 基于微软.net下默认的System.Text.Json而非经典的Newtonsoft.Json
• 高性能：和已有的知名且杰出的.net下的一些JsonSchema library相比，具有很好的性能 (在common case下，利用BenchmarkDotnet进行的性能测试)。用户请根据自己的使用场景进行性能验证

一些性能测试结果 (下面的测试比较都是在同样的使用方式下进行，见 性能建议 )：
12th Gen Intel Core i7-12800H, 1 CPU, 20 logical and 14 physical cores

[Host] : .NET 6.0.25 (6.0.2523.51912), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

DefaultJob : .NET 6.0.25 (6.0.2523.51912), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

有效数据用例:

无效数据用例:

Note: "STJ"是"System.Text.Json"的缩写，这个是.net sdk里默认带的json基础包, LateApexEarlySpeed.Json.Schema这个库也是基于这个STJ编写的。

基准Schema:

{
  "$id": "http://main",
  "type": "object",
 
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "patternProperties": {
    "propB*lean": {
      "type": "boolean"
    }
  },
  "dependentRequired": {
    "propNull": [ "propBoolean", "propArray" ]
  },
  "dependentSchemas": {
    "propNull": {
      "type": "object"
    }
  },
  "propertyNames": true,
  "required": [ "propNull", "propBoolean" ],
  "maxProperties": 100,
  "minProperties": 0,
  "properties": {
    "propNull": {
      "type": "null"
    },
    "propBoolean": {
      "type": "boolean",
      "allOf": [
        true,
        { "type": "boolean" }
      ]
    },
    "propArray": {
      "type": "array",
      "anyOf": [ false, true ],
      "contains": { "type": "integer" },
      "maxContains": 100,
      "minContains": 2,
      "maxItems": 100,
      "minItems": 1,
      "prefixItems": [
        { "type": "integer" }
      ],
      "items": { "type": "integer" },
      "uniqueItems": true
    },
    "propNumber": {
      "type": "number",
      "if": {
        "const": 1.5
      },
      "then": true,
      "else": true,
      "enum": [ 1.5, 0, 1 ]
    },
    "propString": {
      "type": "string",
      "maxLength": 100,
      "minLength": 0,
      "not": false,
      "pattern": "abcde"
    },
    "propInteger": {
      "$ref": "#/$defs/typeIsInteger",
      "exclusiveMaximum": 100,
      "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
      "maximum": 100,
      "minimum": 0,
      "multipleOf": 0.5,
      "oneOf": [ true, false ]
    }
  },
  "$defs": {
    "typeIsInteger": { "$ref": "http://inside#/$defs/typeIsInteger" },
    "toTestAnchor": {
      "$anchor": "test-anchor"
    },
    "toTestAnotherResourceRef": {
      "$id": "http://inside",
      "$defs": {
        "typeIsInteger": { "type": "integer" }
      }
    }
  }
}复制

有效基准数据:

{
  "propNull": null,
  "propBoolean": true,
  "propArray": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ],
  "propNumber": 1.5,
  "propString": "abcde",
  "propInteger": 1
}复制

无效基准数据:

{
  "propNull": null,
  "propBoolean": true,
  "propArray": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 4 ], // Two '4', duplicated
  "propNumber": 1.5,
  "propString": "abcde",
  "propInteger": 1
}复制

基础用法

安装Nuget package

Install-Package LateApexEarlySpeed.Json.Schema复制

string jsonSchema = File.ReadAllText("schema.json");
string instance = File.ReadAllText("instance.json");
 
var jsonValidator = new JsonValidator(jsonSchema);
ValidationResult validationResult = jsonValidator.Validate(instance);
 
if (validationResult.IsValid)
{
    Console.WriteLine("good");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Failed keyword: {validationResult.Keyword}");
    Console.WriteLine($"ResultCode: {validationResult.ResultCode}");
    Console.WriteLine($"Error message: {validationResult.ErrorMessage}");
    Console.WriteLine($"Failed instance location: {validationResult.InstanceLocation}");
    Console.WriteLine($"Failed relative keyword location: {validationResult.RelativeKeywordLocation}");
    Console.WriteLine($"Failed schema resource base uri: {validationResult.SchemaResourceBaseUri}");
}复制

输出信息

当json数据验证失败后，可以查看错误数据的具体信息:

• IsValid: As summary indicator for passed validation or failed validation.

• ResultCode: The specific error type when validation failed.

• ErrorMessage: the specific wording for human readable message

• Keyword: current keyword when validation failed

• InstanceLocation: The location of the JSON value within the instance being validated. The value is a JSON Pointer.

• RelativeKeywordLocation: The relative location of the validating keyword that follows the validation path. The value is a JSON Pointer, and it includes any by-reference applicators such as “$ref"or"$dynamicRef”. Eg:

  /properties/width/$ref/minimum复制

• SubSchemaRefFullUri: The absolute, dereferenced location of the validating keyword when validation failed. The value is a full URI using the canonical URI of the relevant schema resource with a JSON Pointer fragment, and it doesn’t include by-reference applicators such as “$ref"or"$dynamicRef” as non-terminal path components. Eg:

  https://example.com/schemas/common#/$defs/count/minimum复制

• SchemaResourceBaseUri: The absolute base URI of referenced json schema resource when validation failed. Eg:

  https://example.com/schemas/common复制

性能建议

尽可能的重用已实例化的JsonValidator实例（JsonValidator可以简单理解为代表一个json schema验证文档）来验证json数据，以便获得更高性能

外部json schema依赖的支持

除了自动支持当前schema文档内的引用关系，还支持外部json schema依赖：

• 本地schema依赖文本

var jsonValidator = new JsonValidator(jsonSchema);
string externalJsonSchema = File.ReadAllText("schema2.json");
jsonValidator.AddExternalDocument(externalJsonSchema);
ValidationResult validationResult = jsonValidator.Validate(instance);复制

• 远程schema url (实现库将访问网络来获得远程的schema)

var jsonValidator = new JsonValidator(jsonSchema);
await jsonValidator.AddHttpDocumentAsync(new Uri("http://this-is-json-schema-document"));
ValidationResult validationResult = jsonValidator.Validate(instance);复制

自定义keyword的支持

除了json schema specification中的标准keywords之外，还支持用户创建自定义keyword来实现额外的验证需求：

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "prop1": {
      "customKeyword": "Expected value"
    }
  }
}复制

ValidationKeywordRegistry.AddKeyword<CustomKeyword>();复制

[Keyword("customKeyword")] // It is your custom keyword name
[JsonConverter(typeof(CustomKeywordJsonConverter))] // Use 'CustomKeywordJsonConverter' to deserialize to 'CustomKeyword' instance out from json schema text
internal class CustomKeyword : KeywordBase
{
    private readonly string _customValue; // Simple example value
 
    public CustomKeyword(string customValue)
    {
        _customValue = customValue;
    }
 
    // Do your custom validation work here
    protected override ValidationResult ValidateCore(JsonInstanceElement instance, JsonSchemaOptions options)
    {
        if (instance.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.String)
        {
            return ValidationResult.ValidResult;
        }
 
        return instance.GetString() == _customValue
            ? ValidationResult.ValidResult
            : ValidationResult.CreateFailedResult(ResultCode.UnexpectedValue, "It is not my expected value.", options.ValidationPathStack, Name, instance.Location);
    }
}复制

internal class CustomKeywordJsonConverter : JsonConverter<CustomKeyword>
{
    // Library will input json value of your custom keyword: "customKeyword" to this method.
    public override CustomKeyword? Read(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, Type typeToConvert, JsonSerializerOptions options)
    {
        // Briefly: 
        return new CustomKeyword(reader.GetString()!);
    }
 
    public override void Write(Utf8JsonWriter writer, CustomKeyword value, JsonSerializerOptions options)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}复制

Format支持

目前library支持如下format:

• uri
• uri-reference
• date
• time
• date-time
• email
• uuid
• hostname
• ipv4
• ipv6
• json-pointer
• regex

如果需要自定义format验证，可以实现一个FormatValidator子类并注册：

[Format("custom_format")] // this is your custom format name in json schema
public class TestCustomFormatValidator : FormatValidator
{
    public override bool Validate(string content)
    {
        // custom format validation logic here...
    }
}
 
// register it globally
FormatRegistry.AddFormatType<TestCustomFormatValidator>();复制

Other extension usage doc is to be continued .

限制

• 目前library关注于验证，暂不支持annotation
• 因为暂不支持annotation, 所以不支持如下keywords: unevaluatedProperties, unevaluatedItems
• 目前不支持 content-encoded string

问题报告

欢迎把使用过程中遇到的问题和希望增加的功能发到github repo issue中

More doc is to be written